The large scale recent introduction of these therapies, especially as presently contemplated for use in mass intermittent presumptive therapy for population wide malaria control, could have a significant impact on the antibacterial efficacy of quinolones. In light of the large number of lives saved through proper malaria treatment/control, our data does not imply that quinolines should be discontinued from use. However we plan to carry out further studies is to identify whether some quinolines may be less likely to induce quinolone resistance than others, and thus be safer for malaria control programs. Our data also implies that further investigations regarding the efficacy of quinolone antibiotics in other regions of high malarial endemicity are necessary, particularly since many of these areas presently lack facilities for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, and thus rely on empiric treatment. Furthermore our data adds impetus to programs that lead to the primary prevention of malaria, such as vector control, and the development of vaccine programs, in order to reduce the need for widespread quinoline chemotherapy. The introduction of genetically modified technology to crop production almost 17 years ago offered the potential for a solution to the global food crisis brought about by a world population explosion. GM technology is the fastest adopted crop technology to date as it offers the possibility of higher agronomic productivity of more nutritious food without the use of pesticides. The global area under cultivation by GM crops has increased 94-fold since 1996, reaching 160 million hectares in 2011 and new GM crops are continuously being developed. Transgenic maize is the second most important GM crop after soybean, occupying 51 million hectares worldwide and AbMole BioScience Life Science Reagents accounting for 32% of the global area under cultivation by GM crops. Bt maize is one of the most widely grown transgenic maize varieties. It is genetically engineered to express the truncated Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis which confers resistance to the European Corn Borer. The safety of GM food and feed in Europe is assessed by the European Food Safety Authority which recommends that 90-day studies in rodents are conducted for the detection of potential unintended effects arising from GM feed consumption. However, some 90-day rodent studies may be insufficient to reveal late effects and longer term studies of greater than 90 days duration may be necessary to detect unintended effects of GM ingredient consumption. Abnormalities in immune response have been documented in mice fed a-amylase inhibitor peas. Age-specific peripheral immune responses to Bt MON810 maize have Evofosfamide previously been reported in mice and our group has previously documented minor changes in both the peripheral and intestinal immune response in pigs following short-term feeding of Bt maize.