The promoter region of DNAs isolated from the basal or intermediate cell layers

In conclusion, we have identified reliable reference genes for the normalization of gene Cyclic Pifithrin-alpha hydrobromide expression in D. dadantii. Using a microarray transcript profiles dataset, comprising very different growth conditions, we were able to PD173952 identify expressed genes with very low variation in gene expression. At least two genes, lpxC and yafS, proved to be good candidates as their expression levels are stable in a wide range of growth conditions and during infection of a plant. Normalization of RTqPCR data of differentially expressed genes with lpxC and yafS expression levels gave similar expression ratio to those obtained with the microarray data. Moreover, the ortholog of lpxC in P. atrosepticum also showed stable expression in diverse growth conditions. Thus, these genes are suitable for the normalization of real-time RT-qPCR data, in particular in the two main pectinolytic phytopathogenic bacteria D. dadantii and P. atrosepticum and, probably, in other related Enterobacteriaceae. Generally, to look for good reference genes from micro-array data, the first criteria is to find genes significantly expressed in a wide range of conditions. Standard deviation of gene expression must be as low as possible. The weak variation in the expression level of the selected genes should not correlate with a specific condition of growth. Finally, to minimize the risk of choosing coregulated genes, the reference genes must belong to different functional categories and different transcription units. Following these criteria, we assume that good reference genes could be found in any kind of bacteria. -Naringenin, a member of the flavonoid family, possesses a broad range of pharmaceutical indications due to its biochemical properties, which include antioxidative, anticancer, and antiinflammatory activities. Notably, -naringenin is the starting point for the synthesis of a variety of other flavonoid molecules. Over 8000 different chemical structures can be created through the combined actions of functionalizing enzymes. However, -naringenin is still chiefly obtained by extraction from plants, which is tedious and inefficient and requires consumption of substantial natural resources.

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