These functional deteriorations, without the mediation of the negative emotional responses, would also directly decrease the HRQoL. However, the underlying mechanisms and whether other kinds of Corynoxeine chronic disease might have such similar effects still need further evaluation. Our study results also show that both MCS and PCS are significantly but negatively associated with each other. Taft et al. have suggested that because of the construction of the summaries, there might be reciprocal effects of subscale scores on PCS and MCS, especially in those cases with extremely unbalanced profiles. Thus, high MCS may represent either good mental health or poor physical status, and vice versa. Therefore, clinical interpretation of MCS and PCS scores should be in conjunction with the assessment of patient well-being and functioning. The positive correlations between MCS/happiness and PCS/ health status in our study suggest that the results of SF-12V2 have faithfully reflected the real status of the participants, and the negative association between MCS and PCS might have been resulted from their positive mental satisfaction. There are still some limitations in this study. First, although we aggressively attempted to visit all the elderly adults dwelling in this area, nearly 30% of the registered inhabitants refused to join this study. Though the age and sex distribution were similar between the participants and all registered inhabitants, those who did not agree to join the study could be those suffering from more physical or mental disabilities. This could lead to an underestimate of the correlation between diseases and HRQoL. Second, some of the participants might have diseases but they have not previously requested any medical help, so the prevalence of diseases might also be underestimated. Third, as proposed by Tseng et al., there might be some cultural influences upon illness attribution and perception in the measurement of HRQoL. Therefore our results should be interpreted taking these concerns into consideration. Finally, though there are some overlapping of the Tenuifolin pathophysiological features between cardiovascular disease and stroke, there are still some differences among these diseases.