The Medication Event Monitoring System is an objective tool often used in studies on treatment adherence. It is an electronic device included in a drug Acipimox container, which records the date and hour of each opening. However, this device is very technical, it is expensive and does not ensure that the patient actually ingested the pill. For these reasons as well as for operational reasons, we decided not to use it in this survey. We used a combination of objective and subjective tools. Studies using pill count, VAS and questionnaires in monitoring adherence to HIV treatment have reported good agreement between questionnaires and VAS, pill count and VAS or questionnaire, and between different measures of selfreported adherence. We expected similar results but the observed agreement between the adherence measurement tools used in this survey was low as well as most of the estimated maximum attainable kappa. The kappa coefficients should be interpreted with caution as confidence intervals were wide, the sample of patients selected for adherence assessment was likely to be more homogeneously adherent, and the low prevalence of non-adherence might have influenced the Ganciclovir magnitude of the coefficients. Nevertheless, this low agreement could also be explained by the fact that each adherence measurement tool was measuring different components of adherence, over different time periods, which gives another reason to combine different tools to monitor adherence. In the absence of gold standard to measure adherence to TB treatment, we decided to use a LCA model. In this model, the combination of two out of three adherence measurement tools predicted very well the adherence to TB treatment. Due to the number of missing values, it was not possible to include the pill count in the model. INH urine test is the most objective tool for monitoring of adherence to TB treatment. However, it only reflects recent dose intake and, therefore, if performed in the health facility, INH urine test might overestimate the adherence level of patients as they may tend to ingest pills just before their visit. Also, the relatively high price, the supply constraints and the storage condition of this manufactured test make it difficult to use in routine conditions. Although these limitations may be partly overcome by the possibility of making local non commercial tests for a much cheaper cost, a urine test may appear intrusive for the patient and might not be suitable to monitor adherence routinely under program conditions. In addition, pill count has been shown to be a reliable tool for monitoring of adherence to HIV treatment. However, the accuracy of a clinic-based planned pill count may be easily distorted by the patient and is limited by patients failing to bring all their pills to the clinic. Also, as the INH test, pill count appears contradictory to patient’s empowerment. On the contrary, questionnaires and VAS have been described to be easy to use, non intrusive and cheap tools to measure.