Further, the cutting of moss carpets from N rich environments and subsequent transplantation to N poor environments results in colonization of moss leaves by cyanobacteria and increased N2 fixation. Taken together, these and other observations suggest that a regulation of cyanobacterial colonization of moss is very sensitive to the environmental growth conditions of the moss. A possible mechanism for the regulation of cyanobacterial colonization of moss is the production of toxic secondary metabolites, such as oxylipins, derived from fatty acids. It is possible that such compounds could be used to control the colonization by bacteria generally, including that of cyanobacteria. The underlying ecology and causality of such a regulation would be ambiguous, however. One possibility would be that moss actively down-regulates the production of toxins during times of N deficiency to enable colonization by cyanobacteria and with that, a cyanobacteria powered endogenous supply of the limiting resource. stabilizing reproductive division labor maintaining link physiological state foraging behavior Another possibility would be that conditions of N deficiency compromised the moss?? ability to defend against opportunistic microorganisms generally, and cyanobacteria with their independent N supply in particular. Both these scenarios would imply that we should expect an emerging pattern that should be validated with observation: Moss decomposition should be slower in environments with high ambient N input, where cyanobacterial colonization is lower. Unfortunately we are not aware of a comprehensive data-set where this prediction could be evaluated, emphasizing a knowledge gap that urgently needs to be filled. These forwarded hypotheses call into question the placement of the cyanobacterial-moss symbiosis on the mutualism ?C parasitism continuum, which presently is an active area of research. The substantial work on the mycorrhizal-plant symbiosis could act as a lens through which to focus experimental work to resolve the ecological interactions between the associated moss and cyanobacteria. To conclude, we find no support for any contribution by cyanobacteria to the ability of feather mosses to resist decomposition. Instead, our results suggest a negative relationship between moss toxicity and cyanobacterial colonization. Our findings generate novel questions regarding the type of relationship that characterizes the ecology of moss and cyanobacteria ?C mutualistic or parasitic symbiosis? Differential diagnosis of Parkinson??s disease and the parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy is often hard in the early stages of the disease, even for movement disorder specialists. The most distinct brain pathological difference between PD and MSA-P is diffuse rarefaction of the putamen, which reflects severe neuronal loss with astrogliosis and iron accumulation in the neuropil of the putamen, especially in the dorsolateral portion. These pathological changes are detected as dorsolateral putaminal hyperintensity in T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and low signal change in weighted MRI.