Rrecent fMRI study on placebo analgesia that was able to dissociate areas that were either activated or deactivated under the placebo as compared to the control condition. In agreement with our data, the neural response to placebo in the pregenual ACC, and not the activation in the subgenual ACC was most strongly BAY-60-7550 side effects modulated by naloxone. In addition, this placebo analgesia-induced deactivation was observed during the early and not the late phase of the 20 s painful thermal stimulation, which is in agreement with the stimulus duration of the thermal stimulus used in this study. In line with these findings, a similar opiate dependent deactivation of the ACC was observed in a study looking at exogenous opiate administration without concomitant pain. However, it remains unclear whether or not Rab21 is involved in macropinocytosis. In this study, we found that Rab21 is associated with macropinosomes in RAW264 macrophages expressing Rab21 fused with green fluorescent protein variants. We demonstrated the dynamic changes in the spatiotemporal localization of Rab21 during macropinocytosis by fluorescence live-cell imaging. Thus, the residue conservation in a multiple alignment of a protein and its homologues indicates the importance of the residue for maintaining the structure and function of the protein. Claude Shannon founded information theory in 1940s and this theory has long been known to be closely related to thermodynamics and physics. Altogether, the data obtained in this work indicate that Spod-11tox, whose structure is evocative of a defensin rosary, is not processed into bioactive defensin peptides. This rules out the hypothesis of Spod-11-tox being a precursor for defensins, whose sequence diversity may result in complementary and/or synergistic activities beneficial for insect defense. This conclusion is corroborated by studies conducted on two other lepidopteran species. To identify highly conserved targets that mediate resistance to DOX, many studies have successfully utilized the genetic accessibility of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These studies have clearly implicated both the type II topoisomerases and the mitochondria as targets that mediate hypersensitivity to this cytotoxic drug. One study of particular interest was a genome-wide screen in the haploid deletion collection which identified 71 gene deletions that had enhanced sensitivity to DOX. To further elucidate the mechanism of DNA damage resistance in S. cerevisiae, we screened the diploid deletion collection for mutants that are sensitive to doxorubicin. In this genome-wide screen, we identified 376 deletion mutants that are sensitive to the lethal and/or growth inhibitory effects of DOX compared to the wild type parental strain. This mutant collection is significantly enriched for deletions that show cross sensitivity to IR and/or G1 cell cycle defects.