the molecular understanding of the processes regulating among the different digestion temperature treatments

The analyses of sugar concentration indicated that xylose concentration was significantly higher than glucose concentration for most of the different treatments, which showed that dilute VE-821 sulfuric acid pretreatment was effective in hydrolysing hemicellulose into xylose, but less effective in hydrolysing cellulose to glucose, similar to other research results. Consistent with the objective of breaking down hemicellulose and leaving cellulose for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, sulfuric acid pretreatment appears to be useful in increasing the efficiency of glucose production and thus ethanol from forages. Even though hemicelluloses hydrolysis increased with increasing digestion time and temperature, xylose concentration decreased with greater digestion time and temperature. It seems reasonable to hypothesize that the increasing digestion time and temperature facilitated the degradation of xylose to furfural, acetic acid, and phenol, which could inhibit fermentation, but the inhibitors levels of furfural, HMF, acetic acid and formic acid after dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment were very low, which were 1.00–1.37 g/L, undetected, 1.80–2.60 g/L, and 0–0.60 g/L, respectively. It is also possible that the increased digestion times and temperatures favored the generation of other five carbon sugars, such as arabinose or xylulose. Results from single factor pretreatments on crystallinity showed that there was a trend for increased crystallinity with increasing in sulfuric acid concentration, and greater digestion times and temperatures, while the change of forage:sulfuric acid ratio basically had no effect on crystallinity. When pretreatment sulfuric acid concentration, digestion time and temperature were less than 1.5%, 30 min and 100˚C, respectively, the crystallinity decreased, and was lower than untreated Triarrhena sacchariflora Nakai. This was probably due to greater digestion temperatures and times changing the polymerization mode of cellulose molecules, promoting the hydrolysis of hemicellulose, and making cellulose hydrolyse more easily. Results indicated that crystallinity had an inverse relationship to lignin removal and a proportional relation with hemicellulose hydrolysis. The increased crystallinity likely made structural changes between lignin and carbohydrates, leading to increased difficulty in lignin removal. However, the cellulose accessibility and hemicellulose hydrolysis were not decreased due to the decreased lignin removal. The results of this experiment suggest that hemicelluloses might be the main factor that effects effective deconstruction of forage of low lignin content, instead of lignin. In the healthy organism, bone remodeling is performed by the balanced activity of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, assuring the constant renewal of bone tissue and maintenance of adequate bone stability. In osteoporosis, the most prevalent bone disease worldwide, a relative increase of bone resorption over bone formation occurs, thereby resulting in bone loss and a subsequent increase in fracture risk. As excessive osteoclastogenesis is detrimental not only in osteoporosis, but also tumor-induced osteolysis and Paget’s disease of bone.

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