In addition, it represents a way to delay the emergence of insecticide resistance by using different classes of insecticide for LLIN and IRS or ITPS-DL. Analyzed at the village level, immunological data based on the level of anti-saliva IgG Ab in children decreased significantly from 2008 to 2009 in all villages, except in Chissequele. The non-effectiveness of ITPS-DL in reducing the human-Anopheles contact level was confirmed by the lower decrease in positive blood smears while a considerable decrease was concomitantly observed in the density of Anopheles specimens collected. Discrepancies between anti-Anopheles saliva IgG levels and entomological data have been reported in low-exposure/transmission areas of Angola and Senegal and were linked to a difference of sensitivity between the two methods. In Chissequele, a high malaria transmission area, used by households, and therefore the coverage was not sufficient to achieve adequate reduction in Anopheles mosquitoes and human contact, and infection. This hypothesis is supported by results of a recent survey in Chissequele that showed that of a total of 119 housing NVP-BEZ235 provided with ITPS-DL in 2008, 78% had discarded it. Overall, malaria prevention results achieved with ITPS-DL and IRS were similar. However, ITPS-DL did not require repeat applications as did IRS, during the study period, but IRS cannot be removed as ITPS-DL as shown in Chissequele. The overall results showed a better impact of the simultaneous implementation of deltamethrin treated LLIN and ITPS-ZF on reducing the density of Anopheles, the human-Anopheles contact level and the prevalence of Plasmodium than the use of either ITPS-DL or IRS alone. However, IRS with lambdacyhalothrin showed a high efficacy in reducing the human-Anopheles contact. They also suggest that antibodies specific to An. gambiae whole saliva could constitute an efficient and reliable indicator for evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of different malaria vector control methods or strategies. Until recent years, cultivar identification has been based on morphological and agronomic traits. However, the recognition of olive cultivars based on phenotypic characters is often problematic, especially at the early stages of tree development. This has led to great confusion and uncertainty about the current status of olive germplasm in many countries. The ability to discriminate and predict olive cultivars is important for successful breeding programs and improved management of genetic resources. With the development of PCR-based DNA markers such as RAPD SSR, AFLPs and SNP, marker technology today offers powerful tools to analysis the plant genome. They have enabled the identification of genes and genome associated with the expression of qualitative and quantitative traits and has led to a better understanding of the complex genome of various plants. The use of molecular markers to manage olive germplasm is particularly advantageous, due to the fact that the olive has an exceptionally long juvenile period. Recently, bioinformatics and data mining application have been widely used in interpreting information from biological data.. The main goal of this work was to construct a molecular database based on RAPD and ISSR markers for olive cultivares and to find specific molecular markers to quickly distinguish between Iranian and foreign olive tree cultivars. Accurate and rapid identification of clones, varieties, or species is especially important in vegetatively propagated plants.