The protection level increases with the copy number of the regulating I-related transgene, whose transcription, but not translation, is required to have an effect. These results suggest that I sequencecontaining RNA species transcribed from the transgenes are most likely the molecular effectors mediating this epigenetic protection through an RNA interference-driven process. Several genetic analyses suggest a possible involvement of the pericentromeric non-coding I-RE sequences in the natural repression of I-factor activity , but there is as yet no compelling molecular evidence for a role of the I-REs in the epigenetic control of active I-factors. Considering our previous results obtained with I-related transgenes , and since some of the natural I-RE sequences appear to be transcribed in some conditions , it was of interest to determine whether I-RE RNAs could be naturally protective molecules against I-factor invasions. ER stress response signaling has been shown to be required for numerous physiological functions in several cell types. In addition, pathological signals from the ER have been attributed to cell death and apoptosis and linked to many diseases, including diabetes. Genetics and other risk factors may also be associated with the pathogenesis of the disease. New approaches in the treatment of locally advanced HNSCC include chemotherapy and curative treatment to achieve organ preservation and to improve overall survival. Inspite of advances in surgical and other treatments that enhance quality of life and moderating pain, survival rates are not improving for this type of cancer. There has been no significant improvement in 5-year survival over the past 20 years, despite aggressive and multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Research on Molecular biology has provided us with large number of biomarkers that can provide information related to prognosis, treatment options, recurrence and development of secondary primary tumor. Although biomarkers like human papillomavirus and EGFR are well studied, their use in therapeutics is still not exploited successfully for Niltubacin citations efficient management of head and neck cancer. In this report, we show that absence of functional Gimap5 protein leads to these pathological signals from the ER and subsequent ER stress-induced apoptosis in T cells from the BBDP rat. We suggest that triggering of the ER stress-induced apoptotic pathway in the T cells of BBDP rats is the underlying mechanism for their lymphopenia. This inference is supported by our data demonstrating that decreasing CHOP protein expression reduces the number of apoptotic T cells. Molecular imaging has become an important technology to noninvasively assess and monitor disease-specific biological processes in vivo. It is based on nuclear, magnetic resonance and optical imaging. In recent years reporter systems for these imaging techniques have been developed allowing the analysis of dynamic processes of endogenous and exogenous gene expression in living animal.